Martian crust thickness and structure from gravity and topography

Mars is the second smallest terrestrial planet in the solar system with distinct surface features, such as impact craters, volcanoes, and polar ice caps. In the last few decades, a number of missions have been launched to explore Mars, which greatly contributed to improving our knowledge on this planet. Currently, there are five working spacecrafts: three in orbit-Mars Odyssey (ODY), Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and two on the surface-Mars Exploration Rover, Opportunity, and Mars science laboratory, Curiosity. Over a long geological time, Mars has experienced Noachian, Hesperian, and Amazonian periods, indicating complicated formation and evolution of Mars. Similar to the Earth, the structure of Mars consists of.