TY - JOUR
T1 - What Predicts First- and Second-Language Difficulties? Testing Language and Executive Functioning Skills as Correlates
AU - Chung, Kevin Kien Hoa
AU - Li, Xiaomin
AU - Lam, Chun Bun
AU - Fung, Wing Kai
AU - Liu, Catrina
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Division for Learning Disabilities of the Council for Exceptional Children.
PY - 2022/5/1
Y1 - 2022/5/1
N2 - This study examined the co-occurrence of word reading difficulty in Chinese (L1) and English as a second language (L2) and tested language and executive functioning (EF) skills as correlates. Thirty-nine poor readers in Chinese (PC), 39 poor readers in English (PE), and 26 poor readers of both languages (PB) were compared to 39 average readers who served as controls (C). The co-occurrence rate of L1–L2 difficulty was 40%. Moreover, PC, PE, and PB performed less well than C on all language and EF skills; PB performed less well than PC, PE, and C on L1 and L2 phonological awareness, L2 morphological awareness, rapid naming, and EF. Findings highlight the role of language and EF skills in L1 and L2 reading development.
AB - This study examined the co-occurrence of word reading difficulty in Chinese (L1) and English as a second language (L2) and tested language and executive functioning (EF) skills as correlates. Thirty-nine poor readers in Chinese (PC), 39 poor readers in English (PE), and 26 poor readers of both languages (PB) were compared to 39 average readers who served as controls (C). The co-occurrence rate of L1–L2 difficulty was 40%. Moreover, PC, PE, and PB performed less well than C on all language and EF skills; PB performed less well than PC, PE, and C on L1 and L2 phonological awareness, L2 morphological awareness, rapid naming, and EF. Findings highlight the role of language and EF skills in L1 and L2 reading development.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85127367070&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/ldrp.12275
DO - 10.1111/ldrp.12275
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85127367070
SN - 0938-8982
VL - 37
SP - 85
EP - 99
JO - Learning Disabilities Research and Practice
JF - Learning Disabilities Research and Practice
IS - 2
ER -