Wasserstein distance-based expansion planning for integrated energy system considering hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

Due to the increasing pressure from environmental concerns and the energy crisis, transportation electrification constitutes one of the key initiatives for global decarbonization. The zero on-road global greenhouse gas emissions feature of electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are encouraged to facilitate the electrification of the transportation sector to reduce carbon emissions. However, the benefits of these vehicles in terms of carbon emission reduction would be hindered if the fast-charging stations (FCSs) and hydrogen production stations (HPSs) were powered by coal-fired power plants. To achieve overall emission reduction, a low-carbon expansion planning strategy is proposed in this paper to determine the eco-friendly configuration of IES consisting of electricity-gas-hydrogen networks associated with FCSs and HPSs to supply electricity and hydrogen to EVs and FCVs, respectively. Then a novel carbon emission allocation strategy based on the carbon emission flow (CEF) model is developed to specify the locational carbon emission in the IES and facilitate the low-carbon expansion planning strategy. Given locational-differentiated carbon intensities, the expansion planning scheme installs low-carbon generation devices in a rational place to satisfy the carbon emission constraint. Furthermore, the Wasserstein distance (WD) method and an adaptation cost technique are innovatively applied to cope with the uncertainties in the proposed planning model, namely the traffic flow levels, renewable-based power generation levels, and conventional load levels. Finally, numerical experiments validated the effectiveness of the proposed expansion planning strategy in effectually achieving the lowest carbon emission of the proposed IES under a representative scenario set.