Use of physical restraints. 1: consequences.

The use of physical restraints, e.g., cotsides, has become a routine procedure in many UK geriatric wards. However, it is associated with numerous adverse physical and/or psychological effects. Although restraints may be indicated in some cases, the nurse should be aware of the possible consequences. Ethical dilemmas may arise. This article, the first in a two-part series, discusses the consequences of restraint use, so that the nurse can balance the potential benefits and risks before deciding upon their use.