@article{4691ee4cc54d44dbae51c99aac63c2bf,
title = "Uncertainty assessments of load deformation from different gps time series products, GRACE estimates and model predictions: A case study over Europe",
abstract = "A good understanding of the accuracy of the Global Positioning System (GPS) surface displacements provided by different processing centers plays an important role in load deformation analysis. We estimate the noise level in both vertical and horizontal directions for four representative GPS time series products, and compare GPS results with load deformation derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity measurements and climate models in Europe. For the extracted linear trend signals, the differences among different GPS series are small in all the three (east, north, and up) directions, while for the annual signals the differences are large. The mean standard deviations of annual amplitudes retrieved from the four GPS series are 3.54 mm in the vertical component (69% of the signal itself) and ~ 0.3 mm in the horizontal component (30% of the signal itself). The Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center (SOPAC) and MEaSUREs series have the lowest noise level in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. Through con-sistency/discrepancy analysis among GPS, GRACE, and model vertical series, we find that the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) series show good consistency, the SOPAC series show good agreements in annual signal with the GRACE and model, and the MEaSUREs series show substantially large annual amplitude. We discuss the possible reasons for the notable differences among GPS time series products.",
keywords = "GPS, GRACE, Load deformation, Model, Noise",
author = "Wang, {Song Yun} and Jin Li and Jianli Chen and Hu, {Xiao Gong}",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their insight comments and constructive suggestions. We are grateful to the Assistant Editor, Academic Editor and English Editor for their great help to improve our work. We acknowledge the GPS Explorer archive for providing the JPL, SOPAC, and MEaSUREs time series products, and the Nevada Geodetic Labor‐ atory for providing their publicly available processed GPS data. We acknowledge the Center for Space Research (CSR) for providing the GRACE mascon data, the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) for providing the AOD1B GAC data, and the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) for providing the GLDAS data. This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (12003057, 11873075), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (19ZR1466900, 20ZR1467400), and the Opening Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navi‐ gation and Positioning Techniques. The authors SYW, JL and XGH are grateful to the membership of Laboratory of Astronomy and Space Technology Applications at Shanghai Astronomical Obser‐ vatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This work made use of the High Performance Computing Resource in the Core Facility for Advanced Research Computing at Shanghai Astronomical Obser‐ vatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Funding Information: Funding: The research leading to these results received funding from the Natural Science Founda‐ tion of Shanghai under Grant Agreement Nos. 19ZR1466900 and 20ZR1467400, and the Natural Sci‐ ence Foundation of China under Grant Agreement Nos. 12003057 and 11873075. The research is supported by the Opening Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques. Funding Information: The research leading to these results received funding from the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai under Grant Agreement Nos. 19ZR1466900 and 20ZR1467400, and the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Agreement Nos. 12003057 and 11873075. The research is supported by the Opening Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques. We are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their insight comments and constructive suggestions. We are grateful to the Assistant Editor, Academic Editor and English Editor for their great help to improve our work. We acknowledge the GPS Explorer archive for providing the JPL, SOPAC, and MEaSUREs time series products, and the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory for providing their publicly available processed GPS data. We acknowledge the Center for Space Research (CSR) for providing the GRACE mascon data, the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) for providing the AOD1B GAC data, and the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) for providing the GLDAS data. This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (12003057, 11873075), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (19ZR1466900, 20ZR1467400), and the Opening Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques. The authors SYW, JL and XGH are grateful to the membership of Laboratory of Astronomy and Space Technology Applications at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This work made use of the High Performance Computing Resource in the Core Facility for Advanced Research Computing at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2021",
month = jul,
day = "2",
doi = "10.3390/rs13142765",
language = "English",
volume = "13",
journal = "Remote Sensing",
issn = "2072-4292",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "14",
}
