Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Challenging Operating Environments

The advancement of intelligent self-powered systems in rapidly evolving industries operating under challenging environments (COEs), particularly in aerospace, aviation and navigation (AAN), has created a growing demand for real-time sensing and efficient energy conversion devices. Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) offer promising solutions and are well-suited for COE applications. However, existing high-level studies remain fragmented and lack systematic linkage. A comprehensive review of TENG materials, applications and integration strategies is therefore warranted to guide future research and optimize their impact. In this review, we first summarize the harsh operating conditions commonly encountered in COE applications and analyze how these conditions interfere with TENG performance. Based on this framework, we provide a detailed overview of advanced and innovative materials with tailored properties designed to withstand extreme environmental challenges. We then retrospectively examine TENG applications in energy harvesting, structural health monitoring, and human–machine interaction within AAN-related COEs. Finally, we outline key future directions, including materials multifunctionality, enhanced human–machine compatibility, performance improvement, and integration with artificial intelligence. With the continued development of AAN technologies, TENGs are poised to play a pivotal role in advancing sustainable energy and self-powered sensing solutions.