Topological issues of raster space from viewpoints of pansystems

In recent years, models of spatial relations have attracted much attention from GIS community, especially topological relations. In this paper, some basic topologic models for spatial entities in both vector and raster spaces are discussed.||To make the concepts more formalized, some new concepts from a new branch of mathematics -- pansystems -- are adopted. In doing so, the basic concepts of pansystems are introduced, upon, some important concepts on raster space, as a spatial reference system, are discussed. Raster topologies are formalised. Basic topological components of spatial entities in raster space are defined and the topological issues are examined, such as topological paradox and the dependency of raster topology on vector topology.