Three-dimensional finite element analyses on the transtibial residual limb and its prosthetic socket

This paper presents a method for developing a nonlinear finite element model to analyze the load transfer between the transtibial residual limb and its prosthetic socket. The model was developed on the basis of three-dimensional geometry of the residual limb, internal skeleton, soft liner and socket. Interface elements, were used to connect the skin and the liner to simulate the friction/slip boundary conditions. The analyses were performed in two steps to simulate the donning procedure and the load-bearing situation. The model can be used to predict the pressures, shear stresses and slip between the residual limb and its socket under different external loads. Four models with different degrees of socket rectifications were analyzed.