The new modified 18-segment Salloum model: A validation study using pilots with simulated tasks under different low ambient temperatures

In this study, we extended the 15-segment Salloum model to an 18-segment model. These 18 segments include head, neck, shoulders, chest, abdomen, left upper arm, right upper arm, left forearm, right forearm, left hand, right hand, left thigh, right thigh, left leg, right leg, left foot and right foot. In contrast to the original Salloum model, 3 additional sections were introduced in this modified model: viz. left shoulder, right shoulder and neck. The reason for the introducing these three new segments is that the structure of these 3 segments is quite difference from other 15 body segments. Thus, separating them from the Salloum model may enhance the prediction accuracy. Second, we integrated this modified Salloum model with a multi-layer clothing model to predict body core temperature (i.e., the rectal temperature) and mean skin temperature sat different scenarios. The initial condition and boundary conditions were also described. Finally, the results were validated on 6 pilots through extensive human trials. The results showed that the predictions are good, i.e., the experimental data are in well agreement with the predicted data (differences are below 10%). Therefore, this modified human-clothing model may be used as a useful tool in predicting human physiological responses under different scenarios.