@article{1db6f08ad82847bb9b75e9ddda8059ff,
title = "The characteristics and sources of roadside VOCs in Hong Kong: Effect of the LPG catalytic converter replacement programme",
abstract = "In order to improve local air quality of Hong Kong, more than 99% taxies and public light buses were changed from diesel to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel type in the early 2000s. In addition to the catalytic converters wear and tear, it is necessary to control air pollutants emitted from LPG vehicles. Therefore, an LPG catalytic converter replacement programme (CCRP) was fulfilled from October 2013 to April 2014 by the Hong Kong government. Roadside volatile compounds (VOCs) were measured by on-line measurement techniques before and after the programme to evaluate the effectiveness of the LPG CCRP. The mixing ratios of total measured VOCs were found decreased from 69.3 ± 12.6 ppbv to 43.9 ± 6.5 ppbv after the LPG CCRP with the decreasing percentage of 36.7%. In addition, the total mixing ratio of LPG tracers, namely propane, i-butane, and n-butane, accounted for 49% of total measured VOCs before the LPG CCRP and the weighting percentage decreased to 34% after the programme. Moreover, the source apportionment of roadside VOCs also reflects the large decreasing trend of LPG vehicular emissions after the air pollution control measure. Due to the application of PTR-MS on measuring real-time VOCs and oxygenated volatile compounds (OVOCs) in this study, the emission ratios of individual OVOCs were investigated and being utilized to differentiate primary and secondary/biogenic sources of roadside OVOCs in Hong Kong. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention programme, and are helpful to further implementation of air pollution control strategies in Hong Kong.",
keywords = "Emission ratio, LPG emission, PTR-MS, Secondary source, VOCs",
author = "Long Cui and Li, {Hai Wei} and Yu Huang and Zhou Zhang and Lee, {Shun Cheng} and Blake, {Donald Ray} and Wang, {Xin Ming} and Ho, {Kin Fai} and Cao, {Jun Ji}",
note = "Funding Information: This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41907199), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (grant nos. XDA23010300 and XDA23010000), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0212200 and 2016YFA0203000), the State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQGPY1605). This study was also partially supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Government (T24-504/17-N), the key Project of International Cooperation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJHZ1543), the General Research Fund?Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Government (project no 18301117) and Dean Research Fund 19-20, EdUHK. Yu Huang was supported by the ?Hundred Talent Program? of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Funding Information: This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41907199 ), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , China (grant nos. XDA23010300 and XDA23010000 ), National Key Research and Development Program of China ( 2017YFC0212200 and 2016YFA0203000 ), the State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology ( SKLLQGPY1605 ). This study was also partially supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Government ( T24-504/17-N ), the key Project of International Cooperation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( GJHZ1543 ), the General Research Fund— Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Government (project no 18301117 ) and Dean Research Fund 19-20, EdUHK . Yu Huang was supported by the “Hundred Talent Program” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier B.V. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2021",
month = feb,
day = "25",
doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143811",
language = "English",
volume = "757",
journal = "Science of the Total Environment",
issn = "0048-9697",
publisher = "Elsevier",
}