@article{255200509fe14d6b9023ca8c095227ab,
title = "Temporal Structures in Electron Spectra and Charge Sign Effects in Galactic Cosmic Rays",
abstract = "We present the precision measurements of 11 years of daily cosmic electron fluxes in the rigidity interval from 1.00 to 41.9 GV based on 2.0×108 electrons collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station. The electron fluxes exhibit variations on multiple timescales. Recurrent electron flux variations with periods of 27 days, 13.5 days, and 9 days are observed. We find that the electron fluxes show distinctly different time variations from the proton fluxes. Remarkably, a hysteresis between the electron flux and the proton flux is observed with a significance of greater than 6σ at rigidities below 8.5 GV. Furthermore, significant structures in the electron-proton hysteresis are observed corresponding to sharp structures in both fluxes. This continuous daily electron data provide unique input to the understanding of the charge sign dependence of cosmic rays over an 11-year solar cycle.",
author = "\{AMS Collaboration\} and M. Aguilar and Cavasonza, \{L. Ali\} and G. Ambrosi and L. Arruda and N. Attig and C. Bagwell and F. Barao and L. Barrin and A. Bartoloni and \{Ba{\c s}eǧmez-Du Pree\}, S. and R. Battiston and M. Behlmann and N. Belyaev and J. Berdugo and B. Bertucci and V. Bindi and K. Bollweg and J. Bolster and B. Borgia and Boschini, \{M. J.\} and M. Bourquin and Bueno, \{E. F.\} and Burger, \{W. J.\} and Burger, \{W. J.\} and S. Burmeister and Cai, \{X. D.\} and M. Capell and J. Casaus and G. Castellini and F. Cervelli and Chang, \{Y. H.\} and Chen, \{G. M.\} and Chen, \{G. R.\} and Chen, \{H. S.\} and Y. Chen and L. Cheng and Chou, \{H. Y.\} and S. Chouridou and V. Choutko and Chung, \{C. H.\} and C. Clark and G. Coignet and C. Consolandi and A. Contin and C. Corti and Z. Cui and K. Dadzie and A. Dass and C. Delgado and \{Della Torre\}, S. and Liqiu Wang",
note = "Funding Information: We are grateful for important physics discussions with Igor Moskalenko. We thank former NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin for his dedication to the legacy of the ISS as a scientific laboratory and his decision for NASA to fly AMS as a DOE payload. We also acknowledge the continuous support of the NASA leadership, particularly Kathryn Lueders, and of the JSC and MSFC flight control teams that have allowed AMS to operate optimally on the ISS for over 11 years. We are grateful for the support of Glen Crawford of the DOE including resources from the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. We gratefully acknowledge strong support from CERN, including Fabiola Gianotti, and the CERN IT department, including Bernd Panzer-Steindel. We also acknowledge the continuous support from MIT and its School of Science, Nergis Mavalvala, and the Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Boleslaw Wyslouch. Research supported by the following: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of High Energy Physics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, China Academy of Space Technology, National Natural Science Foundation, and Ministry of Science and Technology, the China Scholarship Council, the provincial governments of Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong University, and the Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology, China; the Academy of Finland, Project No. 321882, Finland; CNRS/IN2P3 and CNES, France; DLR under Grant No. 50OO1805 and computing support on the JARA Partition of the RWTH Aachen supercomputer, Germany; INFN and ASI under ASI-INFN Agreements No. 2019-19-HH.0, its amendments, and No. 2021-43-HH.0, and ASI-University of Perugia Agreement No. 2019-2-HH.0, Italy; CHEP and NRF under Grant No. NRF-2018R1A6A1A06024970 at Kyungpook National University, Korea; the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog{\'i}a and UNAM, Mexico; NWO under Grant No. 680-1-004, Netherlands; FCT under Grant No. CERN/FIS-PAR/0013/2019, Portugal; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education under Project No. 0723-2020-0040, Russia; CIEMAT, IAC, CDTI, and SEIDI-MINECO under Grants No. PID2019–107988 GB-C21/C22 and No. CEX2019-000920-S, Spain; the Fondation Dr. Manfred Steuer, Switzerland; Academia Sinica and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) under Grants No. 107-2119-M-006-015-MY3, No. 109-2112-M-001-029, and No. CDA-105-M06, former Presidents of Academia Sinica, Yuan-Tseh Lee and Chi-Huey Wong, and former Ministers of MOST, Maw-Kuen Wu and Luo-Chuan Lee, Taiwan; the Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK) under Grant No. 2020TAEK(CERN)A5.H1.F5-26, Turkey; and NSF Grants No. 1455202 and No. 2013228, Wyle Laboratories Grant No. 2014/T72497, and NASA NESSF Grant No. HELIO15F-0005, USA. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the {"}https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/{"}Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.",
year = "2023",
month = apr,
day = "21",
doi = "10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.161001",
language = "English",
volume = "13",
journal = "Physical Review Letters",
issn = "0031-9007",
publisher = "American Physical Society",
number = "16",
}