Tailoring Crystal Growth Regulation and Dual Passivation for Air-Processed Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Hybrid metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as highly competitive next-generation photovoltaics due to their excellent performance and low production cost. However, the construction of high-efficiency PSCs typically requires an inert nitrogen environment within a glove box, inadvertently increasing manufacturing costs and hindering the transition from lab-scale to industrial-scale production. In this work, an air ambient fabrication of pure α-phase FAPbI₃ PSCs with high-efficiency and stability, utilizing a dual-functional engineering strategy assisted by 3-Guanidinopropionicacid (3-GuA) is reported. 3-GuA assists in managing excess PbI₂ and promotes the formation of high-quality FAPbI₃ films via intermolecular exchange. Simultaneously, the existence of 3-GuA minimizes the defects and stabilizes the resulting perovskite films. As a result, the ambient-air fabricated PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.2% with negligible hysteresis and excellent stability. Additionally, these devices demonstrate superior reproducibility, offering valuable guidance for future advancements in this technology.