Synchronization in prefabricated off-site fit-out with graduation intelligent manufacturing system

Prefabricated Off-site Fit-out (POF) plays a critical but often overlooked role in Modular Prefabricated Construction (MPC). Due to fragmented and asymmetric information, inconsistent production and intralogistics operations, and production uncertainty, the POF faces significant synchronization challenges. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the Graduation Intelligent Manufacturing System (GiMS), inspired by the university graduation ceremonies. GiMS creates a smart environment that supports POF real-time decision-making under uncertainties. A ticket-based synchronization mechanism is used to coordinate production and intralogistics operations dynamically. Numerical analysis verified that GiMS significantly improves synchronization performance and reduces earliness and tardiness across various uncertainty scenarios. The experiment results confirmed its effectiveness in optimizing POF processes. This paper presents a synchronization framework explicitly designed for POF, providing practical insights for applying smart manufacturing solutions in modular construction environments.