Surface site design in photocatalytic carbon conversion applications

Photocatalysis offers innovative solutions to the pressing issues of energy scarcity and environmental pollution. Many photocatalytic reactions are related to the carbon conversion process. Therefore, the targeted construction of reaction-oriented photocatalysts is both meaningful but challenging. This review summarizes the most recent research achievements in the design of surface active sites on photocatalysts. The main functions of custom-made sites are described in details, such as light absorption, charge separation and interfacial reaction properties. Various methods for achieving precise site design on photocatalytic substrates are compiled, including surface exposure, interacting force, chemical bonding, multi-step integration and hybridization modification. Moreover, the review delves into the integral relationship between site design and photocatalytic applications, viewed through the lens of carbon atoms state transitions during reactions. Ultimately, we provide a prospective outline of the current challenges of site design and suggest potential trajectories for future investigations.