State-of-the-art review of smart energy management systems for supporting zero-emission electric vehicles with X2V and V2X interactions

The accelerated penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation market has resulted in increased stresses on the existing electric infrastructure and required charging facilities, boosting intensive research efforts in recent years for addressing energy management challenges. However, a systematic review is missing for summarising the following three academic progresses: (1) The sorting of energy management systems for supporting the zero-emission charging of EVs; (2) The classification of solutions to address the challenges of EV charging with increased automation levels, which are increasingly interacted with diversified information, typically represented by the “X2V” and “V2X” technologies; (3) The summary of diversified methodologies for seeking the multi-objective optimal decisions of charging processes and patterns, while coordinating the energy resources and impact between the generation, demand, and grid sides. Accordingly, this paper has conducted a state-of-the-art review of energy management systems for low-emission and zero-emission EVs to cover the above three unsorted review areas. Both the non-autonomous and autonomous EVs are covered in this review, with an aim to identify and classify the different features of energy supporting solutions, the role of X2V and V2X functions, and the required business models. Via this review, recent research trends have been noticed for the smart inclusion of EVs as part of future energy infrastructures, typically in the form of controllable demand and power reserves, mobile energy storage, and backup energy flexibility resources. Nevertheless, practical business models for better incentivising the smart charging of autonomous zero-emission EVs are still largely missing and limited.