SSR: Segment-by-segment routing in large-scale mobile ad hoc networks

Location-based routing in Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) does not need to use pre-computed routes for forwarding packets thus scales very well. However, location-based routing suffers from two major problems: hole-induced local optimum and mobility-induced location errors. To solve these problems, in this paper, we propose a Segment-by-Segment Routing (SSR), which is a combination of location-based routing and topology-based routing. It maintains a ¿-hop vicinity routing table for each Cluster Head (CH), and uses location-based routing between neighboring k-hop vicinities while applies topology-based routing in the k-hop vicinity. The k-hop vicinity routing table provides useful reachability information used by an avoidancebased strategy to deal with holes, and helps to achieve the degree of tolerance of location inaccuracy with k-hop long radio transmissions. Comparative analysis shows that the proposed protocol outperforms the well-known GPSR routing protocol in terms of reliability, tolerance of location inaccuracy, and communication complexity, with a little larger cost in control messages.