Sprinklers in atrium buildings

Atria, the third generation of buildings in terms of fire safety, are a common feature in Hong Kong. They can be found in hotels, commercial buildings, shopping arcades, banks, etc. Automatic sprinkler systems are installed in buildings to control any fire. Detailed analysis on the fire environment has to be performed either by zones or field models. But a rough estimate can be achieved by considering the approximate expressions of heat transfer from a fire plume.