Spatiotemporal variation of ozone precursors and ozone formation in Hong Kong: Grid field measurement and modelling study

Grid field measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) covering the entire territory of Hong Kong were simultaneously carried out twice daily on 27 September 2013 and 24 September 2014, respectively, to advance our understanding on the spatiotemporal variations of VOCs and ozone (O3) formation, the factors controlling O3formation and the efficacy of a control measure in Hong Kong. From before to after the control measure on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fueled vehicles, the VOCs originated from LPG vehicle exhaust deceased from 41.3 ± 1.2 μg/m3(49.7 ± 1.5%) to 32.8 ± 1.4 μg/m3(38.8 ± 1.7%) (p < 0.05). In contrast, the contribution to VOCs made by gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust and solvent usage increased (p < 0.05). VOCs and nitric oxide (NO) in LPG source experienced the highest reductions at the roadside sites, while the variations were not significant at the urban and new town sites (p > 0.05). For O3production, LPG vehicle exhaust generally made a negative contribution (− 0.17 ± 0.06 ppbv) at the roadside sites, however it turned to a slightly positive contribution (0.004 ± 0.038 ppbv) after the control measure. At the urban sites, although the reductions of VOCs and NO were minor (p > 0.05), O3produced by LPG vehicle significantly reduced from 4.19 ± 1.92 ppbv to 0.95 ± 0.38 ppbv (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, O3produced by LPG at the new town sites remained stable. The analysis of O3-precursor relationships revealed that alkenes and aromatics were the main species limiting roadside O3formation, while aromatics were the most predominant controlling factor at urban and new town sites. In contrast, isoprene and sometimes NOxlimited the O3formation in rural environment.