TY - JOUR
T1 - Single-phase static immersion cooling for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module
AU - Liu, Yanhui
AU - Aldan, Gulzhan
AU - Huang, Xinyan
AU - Hao, Menglong
N1 - Funding Information:
This work is kindly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China ( 2022YFE0207400 ), Early Career Scheme of Hong Kong Research Grant Council ( 25205519 ), and Shenzhen Science and Technology Program ( JCYJ20210324131006017 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/10
Y1 - 2023/10
N2 - The single-phase immersion cooling is an emerging technology for battery thermal management. Both static- or forced-flow working fluids can be adopted, while the advantages of the static mode are less complexity and low cost. This work proposes a static flow-based immersion cooling method for a six-cell cylindrical Li-ion battery module. The effectiveness of the proposed immersion cooling system is studied at different current rates and compared with conventional air-cooling methods. Experiments find that the maximum cell temperature (Tmax) appears at the end of discharge, and it increases with the C-rate. The proposed immersion cooling system can limit the Tmax below 40 °C and temperature gradient within 3 °C at 3C discharge, exhibiting a superior cooling capability over air cooling. The three-dimensional numerical model has been established to further analyze and optimize the performance of the proposed immersion cooling system. Modelling suggests that immersion cooling has a maximum cooling rate of 2.7 W for the cell with the highest temperature, which is 50 % higher than the cooling rate of the forced air-cooling system. In addition, the effects of ambient temperature and liquid volume have been numerically investigated. Different cooling regions are defined to evaluate the thermal-management performance of the immersion cooling system. Finally, the cooling efficiency of three different fluids is compared in a 100-cell battery module, which can provide valuable information for battery thermal management and scientific guidelines for applying immersion cooling for batteries in operation.
AB - The single-phase immersion cooling is an emerging technology for battery thermal management. Both static- or forced-flow working fluids can be adopted, while the advantages of the static mode are less complexity and low cost. This work proposes a static flow-based immersion cooling method for a six-cell cylindrical Li-ion battery module. The effectiveness of the proposed immersion cooling system is studied at different current rates and compared with conventional air-cooling methods. Experiments find that the maximum cell temperature (Tmax) appears at the end of discharge, and it increases with the C-rate. The proposed immersion cooling system can limit the Tmax below 40 °C and temperature gradient within 3 °C at 3C discharge, exhibiting a superior cooling capability over air cooling. The three-dimensional numerical model has been established to further analyze and optimize the performance of the proposed immersion cooling system. Modelling suggests that immersion cooling has a maximum cooling rate of 2.7 W for the cell with the highest temperature, which is 50 % higher than the cooling rate of the forced air-cooling system. In addition, the effects of ambient temperature and liquid volume have been numerically investigated. Different cooling regions are defined to evaluate the thermal-management performance of the immersion cooling system. Finally, the cooling efficiency of three different fluids is compared in a 100-cell battery module, which can provide valuable information for battery thermal management and scientific guidelines for applying immersion cooling for batteries in operation.
KW - Battery safety
KW - Battery thermal management
KW - Direct liquid cooling
KW - Static mode
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85151457190&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121184
DO - 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121184
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85151457190
SN - 1359-4311
VL - 233
JO - Applied Thermal Engineering
JF - Applied Thermal Engineering
M1 - 121184
ER -