Simultaneously Enhancing Adsorbed Hydrogen and Dinitrogen to Enable Efficient Electrochemical NH₃ Synthesis on Sm(OH)₃

The electrochemical N₂ reduction reaction (ENRR), driven by renewable electricity and run under ambient conditions, offers a promising sustainable avenue for carbon-neutral NH₃ production. Yet, to efficiently bind and activate the inert N₂ remains challenge. Herein, effective and stable electrochemical NH₃ synthesis on Sm(OH)₃ via enhanced adsorption of hydrogen and dinitrogen by dual integration of sulfur dopants and oxygen vacancies (V_O) is reported. The resulting S-doped lanthanide electrocatalyst attains both a good NH₃ yield rate, exceeding 21 μg_NH3 h⁻¹ mg_cat.⁻¹, and an NH₃ faradaic efficiency of over 29% at −0.3 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode) in an H-type cell using a neutral electrolyte, figures of merit that are largely maintained after 2 days of consecutive polarization. Density functional theory calculations show that the adsorption energy barrier of N₂ on S-Sm(OH)₃(V_O) is greatly lowered by the introduction of V_O. In addition, the S sites improve the adsorption of hydrogen produced via the Volmer reaction, which is conducive to the formation of the *N–NH intermediate (i.e., the potential determining step, PDS) on adjacent Sm sites, and thereby significantly promotes the reaction kinetics of ENRR. The PDS free energy for the catalyst is comparable with the values at the peak of the ENRR volcano plots of leading transition metal catalyst surfaces.