TY - JOUR
T1 - Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries
T2 - Status, technologies, challenges, and prospects
AU - Wang, Mengmeng
AU - Liu, Kang
AU - Dutta, Shanta
AU - Alessi, Daniel S.
AU - Rinklebe, Jörg
AU - Ok, Yong Sik
AU - Tsang, Daniel C.W.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors appreciate the financial support from the Hong Kong Research Grants Council ( E-PolyU503/17 ), RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme 2021/22 (PDFS2122-5S06), and PolyU Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Management .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2022/7
Y1 - 2022/7
N2 - The limited fossil fuel supply toward carbon neutrality has driven tremendous efforts to replace fuel vehicles by electric ones. The recycling of retired power batteries, a core energy supply component of electric vehicles (EVs), is necessary for developing a sustainable EV industry. Here, we comprehensively review the current status and technical challenges of recycling lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. The review focuses on: 1) environmental risks of LFP batteries, 2) cascade utilization, 3) separation of cathode material and aluminium foil, 4) lithium (Li) extraction technologies, and 5) regeneration and transformation of cathode materials. Detailed analyses are elaborated with case examples and technical challenges. Our critical analysis demonstrates that compared with retired lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) batteries, LFP batteries do not contain the high-value elements such as Co and Ni, so the economic drive for LFP recycling is compromised although future market prospects are substantial. It is of great practical significance to develop low-carbon and cost-effective Li extraction technologies and regeneration processes for cathode materials to ensure a sustainable and stable development of the LFP battery and EV industry.
AB - The limited fossil fuel supply toward carbon neutrality has driven tremendous efforts to replace fuel vehicles by electric ones. The recycling of retired power batteries, a core energy supply component of electric vehicles (EVs), is necessary for developing a sustainable EV industry. Here, we comprehensively review the current status and technical challenges of recycling lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. The review focuses on: 1) environmental risks of LFP batteries, 2) cascade utilization, 3) separation of cathode material and aluminium foil, 4) lithium (Li) extraction technologies, and 5) regeneration and transformation of cathode materials. Detailed analyses are elaborated with case examples and technical challenges. Our critical analysis demonstrates that compared with retired lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) batteries, LFP batteries do not contain the high-value elements such as Co and Ni, so the economic drive for LFP recycling is compromised although future market prospects are substantial. It is of great practical significance to develop low-carbon and cost-effective Li extraction technologies and regeneration processes for cathode materials to ensure a sustainable and stable development of the LFP battery and EV industry.
KW - Clean energy
KW - Lithium extraction
KW - Resources circulation
KW - Retired power batteries
KW - Sustainable development goals
KW - Waste battery recycling
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85129656062&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112515
DO - 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112515
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85129656062
SN - 1364-0321
VL - 163
JO - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
JF - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
M1 - 112515
ER -