Recycling hazardous textile effluent sludge in cement-based construction materials: Physicochemical interactions between sludge and cement

The textile industry produces a large amount of textile effluent sludge (TES). Many studies have explored the potential use of TES in cement-based materials. However, the physicochemical interactions between the TES and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) have rarely been studied. In this study, the effects of increasing dosage (0–20% by OPC) of TES on the performance of OPC-TES blends were investigated in terms of hydration progress, mechanical strength, microstructure evolution and metal leachability. The results showed that TES markedly delayed the OPC hydration at the early age, and increasing dosages of TES decreased the portlandite content at 7 and 28 days’ age. Compared to the reference, the OPC-TES mortar exhibited seriously degraded mechanical strength; when using 20% TES, the decrease in compressive and flexural strength reached up to 71% and 42% respectively at the age of 28 days. Scanning electron microcopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry found the inclusion of TES introduced more weak interfaces in the cement mortar, thus increased the total porosity especially the macropores. But leachability tests revealed all the toxic metals in the TES were stabilized after the incorporation of OPC and exhibited very low metal mobility in the OPC-TES mortar, which posed no environmental risk.