Perceived parental control and parent-child relational qualities in early adolescents in Hong Kong: Parent gender, child gender and grade differences

This study examined parent gender, child gender and grade differences in perceived parental control and parent-adolescent relational qualities in early adolescents in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. Utilizing a longitudinal research design, 2,559 Chinese secondary school students responded to instruments assessing perceived parental behavioral control, parental psychological control, and parent-child relational qualities over three consecutive years. Results showed that there were parent gender and child gender differences in parental control and parent-adolescent relational qualities, but interaction effects of parent gender and child gender were also found. These findings strongly challenge the traditional Chinese cultural belief of "strict fathers, kind mothers". Results also consistently showed that the levels of perceived parental behavioral control and parent-child relational qualities gradually declined from grades 7 to 9 in early adolescent years in the Chinese culture.