PDINN sandwiched silver nanowires for solution-processed semitransparent organic photovoltaics with over 4% light utilization efficiency and nearly 100% bifaciality factor

Semitransparent organic photovoltaics (ST-OPVs) for building integration represent a pivotal direction in the development of photovoltaic industry. Solution-processed silver nanowires (AgNWs) are considered promising candidates for transparent electrodes in semitransparent devices due to their high transparency-conductivity-efficiency merit, large-scale processability, and low cost. In this work, we develop two solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid electrodes, named AgNWs-PD and AgNWs-PC, utilizing AgNWs as the conductive framework and aliphatic amine-functionalized perylene-diimide (PDINN) as the sandwiched material, while AgNWs-PC exhibits significantly improved electrical conductivity and enhanced contact area with the underlying electron transport layer. The optimized device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 9.45% with an open circuit voltage of 0.846 V, a high filling factor of 75.4%, and an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 44.0%, delivering an outstanding light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 4.16%, which is the highest reported value for all solution-processed ST-OPVs. In addition, by coupling a 30-nm tellurium dioxide atop AgNWs-PC, the bifaciality factor of derivative devices improves from 73.7% to 99.4%, while maintaining a high bifacial LUE over 3.7%. Our results emphasize the superiority and effectiveness of PDINN-sandwiched AgNWs electrodes for high-performance and all solution-processed ST-OPVs.