Parameter Estimation of Batteries in MMCs with Parallel Connectivity using PSO

Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are a well-known solution in high-voltage applications. Recently, new topologies such as MMCs with series/parallel (MMSPC) connectivity are attracting large amount focus, due to their improved efficiency as well as self-balancing capability. Although MMSPCs can operate without direct measurement of modules' voltages in battery-integrated modules, monitoring of the voltage and resistance of each module can still provide useful information to assess the state of each battery. However, including a voltage and current sensor in each module is not a cost-effective approach. This paper proposes a method to estimate the voltage and resistance of each battery-module using only the voltage and current measurement at load terminal. The proposed technique can reduce the number of sensors from 2N + 2 to only 2. Additionally, due to the self-balancing capability, the estimation technique does not require fast convergence and can operate in the background during the idling intervals of the processor. MATLAB simulations confirm the applicability of the proposed approach. The result show a 99 % and also 96 % accuracy for balanced and imbalanced systems.