TY - JOUR
T1 - Oxygenated and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air - Levels, Phase Partitioning, Mass Size Distributions, and Inhalation Bioaccessibility
AU - Lammel, Gerhard
AU - Kitanovski, Zoran
AU - Kukučka, Petr
AU - Novák, Jiří
AU - Arangio, Andrea M.
AU - Codling, Garry P.
AU - Filippi, Alexander
AU - Hovorka, Jan
AU - Kuta, Jan
AU - Leoni, Cecilia
AU - Příbylová, Petra
AU - Prokeš, Roman
AU - Sáňka, Ondřej
AU - Shahpoury, Pourya
AU - Tong, Haijie
AU - Wietzoreck, Marco
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Libor Černikovský, Blanka Krejci, Jana Schovánková, Pavel Smolík, and Milan Váňa (Czech Hydrometeorological Institute) for access to stations and meteorological and trace gas data, Rostislav Červenka (MU) for carbon fractions data and Klára Hilscherová (MU) for discussion. This research was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (503/16/11537S, 503/12/G147), by the ACTRIS-CZ (LM2018122, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001315) and RECETOX (LM2018121) Research Infrastructures funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, by the European Commission H2020 (CETOCOEN EXCELLENCE Teaming 2, #857560) and by the Max Planck Society.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
Copyright:
Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/3/3
Y1 - 2020/3/3
N2 - Among the nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential. Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations of ς10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. ς18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter. (9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%, respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
AB - Among the nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential. Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations of ς10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. ς18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter. (9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%, respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85081137000&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.est.9b06820
DO - 10.1021/acs.est.9b06820
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 31950831
AN - SCOPUS:85081137000
SN - 0013-936X
VL - 54
SP - 2615
EP - 2625
JO - Environmental Science & Technology
JF - Environmental Science & Technology
IS - 5
ER -