Out-of-Order synchronization for off-site fit-out in smart prefabrication yard

With the development of Modular Prefabricated Construction (MPC), efficiently synchronizing off-site fit-out operations is increasingly important. However, existing synchronization methods lack the flexibility and adaptability to address the challenges in off-site fit-out. This research introduces the concept of Out-of-Order (OoO) synchronization to improve off-site fit-out operations within prefabrication yards. A Cyber-Physical System (CPS)-enabled smart prefabrication yard is proposed to provide real-time visibility and traceability and support decision-making among various stakeholders. To simplify the synchronization problem, a spatial-temporal model is developed for dynamically locating disturbances and uncertainties. Inspired by OoO execution in computer processors, an OoO synchronization mechanism is introduced to ensure smooth workflows and reduce delays. Numerical analysis validates that the OoO synchronization mechanism significantly enhances resource utilization and operational efficiency. This paper advances smart construction by offering a flexible, data-driven method to manage complex, resource-limited production environments.