Multiscale Engineering of Sustainable and Versatile All-Fiber Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Multifunctional Fibrous Materials and 3D Woven Architecture

With the development of energy-harvesting fabrics, woven structured textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs) are widely proposed. However, most T-TENGs with woven structures consist of one material, which greatly limits the functionality of T-TENGs. This work focuses on structural design and rational material configuration to realize versatility of woven-structured T-TENG by a green, eco-friendly, scalable production method. A 3D triboelectric nanogenerator fabric (3D SP-FTENG) is proposed, which performs excellent electrical output (27.33 V, 1.76 µA, and 61.6 mW m⁻²) and wearability (directional water transport and breathability) as well as antibacterial activity. Moreover, in contrast to the previously reported multilayer T-TENGs which are constructed by directly stacking multilayer functional fabrics together, the fabric interface of this new structure fabricated by weaving the support area and the functional area together is not easily delaminated. The 3D SP-FTENG demonstrates outstanding durability (machine washability and ultrahigh abrasion resistance). In addition, the SP-FTENG is able to drive wearable electronics and be used as a self-powered sensor, such as constantly monitoring the movement signals of human body. This study presents a novel and sustainable strategy for the development of eco-friendly multifunctional T-TENGs.