Abstract
In real-world environments, noisy utterances with variable noise levels are recorded and then converted to i-vectors for cosine distance or PLDA scoring. This paper investigates the effect of noise-level variability on i-vectors. It demonstrates that noise-level variability causes the i-vectors to shift, causing the noise contaminated i-vectors to form clusters in the i-vector space. It also demonstrates that optimal subspaces for discriminating speakers are noise-level dependent. Based on these observations, this paper proposes using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of utterances as guidance for training mixture of PLDA models. To maximize the coordination among the PLDA models, mixtures of PLDA models are trained simultaneously via an EM algorithm using the utterances contaminated with noise at various levels. For scoring, given a test i-vector, the marginal likelihoods from individual PLDA models are linearly combined by the posterior probabilities of the test utterance's SNR. Verification scores are the ratio of the marginal likelihoods. Results based on NIST 2012 SRE suggest that the SNR-dependent mixture of PLDA is not only suitable for the situations where the test utterances exhibit a wide range of SNR, but also beneficial for the test utterances with unknown SNR distribution. Supplementary materials containing full derivations of the EM algorithms and scoring functions can be found in http://bioinfo.eie.polyu.edu.hk/mPLDA/SuppMaterials.pdf.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 130-142 |
Number of pages | 13 |
Journal | IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing |
Volume | 24 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2016 |
Keywords
- I-vectors
- Mixture of PLDA
- Noise robustness
- Probabilistic LDA
- Speaker verification
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Signal Processing
- Media Technology
- Instrumentation
- Acoustics and Ultrasonics
- Linguistics and Language
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Speech and Hearing