Mechanistic links between systemic hypertension and open angle glaucoma: Clinical and Experimental Optometry

Systemic hypertension or hypertension is a very common chronic age-related disease worldwide. It is typically characterised by a sustained elevation of blood pressure, particularly when the systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure are of more than 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively. If hypertension is not well controlled, it may lead to an increased risk of stroke and heart attack. It has been shown that hypertension is linked to various ocular diseases, including cataract, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open angle glaucoma is the most common form of the disease and is usually characterised by an increase in intraocular pressure. This condition, together with normal tension glaucoma, constitutes open angle glaucoma. Systemic hypertension has been identified as a risk factor for open angle glaucoma. It is speculated that blood pressure is involved in the pathogenesis of open angle glaucoma by altering intraocular pressure or ocular blood flow, or both. Recent evidence has shown that both extremely high and low blood pressure are associated with increased risk of open angle glaucoma. Additional pathogenic mechanisms, including increased inflammation likely to be involved in the development and progression of these two diseases, are discussed.