Low-Carbon Oriented Collaborative Planning of Electricity-Hydrogen-Gas-Transportation Integrated System Considering Hydrogen Vehicles

Under the pressures of the energy crisis and climate change, hydrogen vehicles (HVs) have experienced significant growth in many countries recently. To promote the penetration of HVs, a low-carbon collaborative planning model based on carbon emission flow (CEF) and a modified user equilibrium theory is proposed for the electricity-hydrogen-gas-transportation integrated system. New carbon capture and storage equipment, steam methane reforming (SMR) equipment, and renewable energy equipment are planned in the model, which collaborates closely to provide green hydrogen. The proposed model considers the influence of different hydrogen production methods (electrolysis and SMR) on carbon emission reduction in the integrated energy network. Aiming to account for carbon emission from the consumption perspective, the emission caps are transferred from the energy supply side to the hydrogen production station side based on the CEF model. Additionally, the proposed modified user equilibrium model considering HV cruising range and hydrogen refueling station's location is innovatively utilized to solve the HV traffic flow assignment problem and evaluate the effectiveness of candidate roads in reducing congestion time. Overall, the total cost including equipment cost, energy consumption cost, and travel time cost is minimized to obtain the optimal integrated system planning results. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model is effective in reducing the carbon emissions and traffic time for the integrated network considering HV demands.