Line charge densities and currents of downward negative leaders estimated from VHF images and VLF electric fields observed at close distances

In this paper, a method for retrieving the line charge density and the current of a downward leader based on ground observations of lightning images and electric field changes was proposed and examined. The method was then applied to two downward negative leaders in a rocket-triggered lightning discharge with measurements of broadband interferometric images and electric field changes at close distance. Only the descending channel portion between about 900-400 m high of the two leaders were analyzed, where the channel was in free air rather than the trace of triggering wire. The line charge density for both leaders showed a general increasing trend with a big impulsive change around 500 m high, as the leaders moved downward, which was in good agreement with the prediction of existing downward leader models. The range of the line charge density was similar for the two leaders (-0.03 to -0.32 mC/m and -0.02 to -0.33 mC/m, respectively). The impulsive change of the line charge density was corresponding to a sharp turn of the leader channel around 500 m high, which may imply that the sharp turn of the leader channel was probably associated with a pre-existing local positive space charge pocket. The estimated leader currents for two leaders (-20 to -315 A and -77 to -541 A, respectively) were also in good agreement with independent estimations in the literature.