Leadership and intra-personal development: Relevance to Chinese nursing students

It is well known that intra-personal attributes and leadership styles are crucial elements of nursing education and practice. However, little has been done in these aspects, particularly in terms of students' perspectives regarding various cultural influences on intra-personal development and nursing leadership. Six focus group interviews were conducted in Hong Kong to explore the meanings of intra-personal development and nursing leadership in nursing education and the clinical setting, and to analyze Chinese culture relevant to intra-personal and leadership development. The results revealed three themes (intra-personal development, nursing leadership, and cultural influence) extracted from the focus group interviews. Regarding intra-personal development, the findings from participants' experiences suggested that they agreed with the importance of selfawareness, self-reflection, emotional competence, resilience, morality and self-identity in nursing students. In addition, social competence, communication, team building and selfleadership, as well as crisis, conflict, and stress management, are crucial to nursing leadership. Some participants were also concerned with the cultural influence on gender barriers and hierarchism in the clinical setting. Since intra-personal characteristics, leadership competence, and cultural values are crucial and fundamental in education, nursing programs should enhance these aspects for the holistic development of nursing students. Further studies across regions and time, interviews with nursing educators, and cross-cultural collaboration for nursing leadership and intra-personal development in nursing programs are recommended.