TY - JOUR
T1 - Investigating the hemodynamic response to iTBS of the left DLPFC
T2 - A concurrent iTBS/fNIRS study
AU - Xia, Adam W.L.
AU - Jin, Minxia
AU - Zhang, Bella B.B.
AU - Kan, Rebecca L.D.
AU - Lin, Tim T.Z.
AU - Qin, Penny P.
AU - Wang, Xiao
AU - Chau, Wanda M.W.
AU - Shi, Nancy M.X.Y.
AU - Kannan, Priya
AU - Lu, Erin Y.
AU - Yuan, Tifei
AU - Jiaqi Zhang, Jack
AU - Kranz, Georg S.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 The Authors
PY - 2025/3/1
Y1 - 2025/3/1
N2 - Background: Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an established treatment regimen for major depressive disorder, but its instantaneous effects on neural excitability during and immediately after the stimulation remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the hemodynamic response in the bilateral DLPFC during and immediately after iTBS and explored factors that may modulate iTBS-induced excitability. Methods: We measured the prefrontal hemodynamic response before, during, and after iTBS using concurrent iTBS/functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in healthy participants across multiple sessions (3–11 visits, ≥48 hours apart). We investigated the moderating effect of several inter- and intra-individual variables. To this end, we analyzed the average change of oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) in the stimulated and contralateral DLPFC and used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to test for potential moderators. Results: Twenty participants completed 157 concurrent iTBS/fNIRS sessions in total. HbR increased significantly during iTBS (0.247 ± 0.032, p < 0.001) in the stimulated DLPFC, while the contralateral DLPFC showed significant decreases in HbR during (−0.046 ± 0.017, p = 0.024) and after the stimulation (−0.05 ± 0.018, p = 0.015). No significant change in HbO was observed. GLMM revealed that age (β = 0.033, p = 0.004), sex (β = −0.248, p = 0.004), education years (β = −0.094, p < 0.001), the personality trait agreeableness (β = −0.013, p = 0.005), and positive affect (β = −0.032, p = 0.012) significantly influenced local HbR response during iTBS, and sex (β = 0.305, p = 0.012) significantly influenced local HbO response during iTBS. Conclusion: This study revealed a pronounced increase in HbR during iTBS in the stimulated DLPFC, alongside decreased HbR contralaterally both during and post-stimulation. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of individual factors in understanding iTBS effects on cortical excitability.
AB - Background: Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an established treatment regimen for major depressive disorder, but its instantaneous effects on neural excitability during and immediately after the stimulation remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the hemodynamic response in the bilateral DLPFC during and immediately after iTBS and explored factors that may modulate iTBS-induced excitability. Methods: We measured the prefrontal hemodynamic response before, during, and after iTBS using concurrent iTBS/functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in healthy participants across multiple sessions (3–11 visits, ≥48 hours apart). We investigated the moderating effect of several inter- and intra-individual variables. To this end, we analyzed the average change of oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) in the stimulated and contralateral DLPFC and used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to test for potential moderators. Results: Twenty participants completed 157 concurrent iTBS/fNIRS sessions in total. HbR increased significantly during iTBS (0.247 ± 0.032, p < 0.001) in the stimulated DLPFC, while the contralateral DLPFC showed significant decreases in HbR during (−0.046 ± 0.017, p = 0.024) and after the stimulation (−0.05 ± 0.018, p = 0.015). No significant change in HbO was observed. GLMM revealed that age (β = 0.033, p = 0.004), sex (β = −0.248, p = 0.004), education years (β = −0.094, p < 0.001), the personality trait agreeableness (β = −0.013, p = 0.005), and positive affect (β = −0.032, p = 0.012) significantly influenced local HbR response during iTBS, and sex (β = 0.305, p = 0.012) significantly influenced local HbO response during iTBS. Conclusion: This study revealed a pronounced increase in HbR during iTBS in the stimulated DLPFC, alongside decreased HbR contralaterally both during and post-stimulation. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of individual factors in understanding iTBS effects on cortical excitability.
KW - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy
KW - Intermittent theta burst stimulation
KW - Modulating factors
KW - Real-time cortical response
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85217967916&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.008
DO - 10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.008
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85217967916
SN - 1935-861X
VL - 18
SP - 235
EP - 245
JO - Brain Stimulation
JF - Brain Stimulation
IS - 2
ER -