Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0—Comparison, complementation and co-evolution

Recently, the futuristic industry and society have caught increasing attention, that is, on Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0. Industry 5.0 is announced by European Commission toward a sustainable, human-centric, and resilient European industry. Society 5.0 is proposed by Japan Cabinet to balance economic advancement with the resolution of social problems in Japanese society. Generally, the revolutions of industry and society have profoundly interacted with each other since the first industrial revolution. The coexistence of Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 could raise varying confusions to be clarified and a series of questions to be answered. Therefore, we attempt to present the comparison, complementation, and co-evolution between Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 to address the corresponding foundational arguments about Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0, which could be the basic inspiration for future investigation and discussion and accelerate the development of Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0.