How to better share energy towards a carbon-neutral city? A review on application strategies of battery energy storage system in city

Despite the recent market growth and price reduction of technologies for a battery energy storage system (BESS), many technological, operational, and managerial challenges still need to be overcome to improve the system's feasibility and commercialization. Many studies suggested various solutions for applying BESS to the grid system, yet the existing literature is dispersed across different scopes, scales, and levels. Previous studies also lack a comprehensive overview of different application strategies of BESS within the urban landscape. Therefore, this study aimed to broaden our perspective and implement the concept of “BESS-based energy sharing” for carbon-neutrality at the urban level. Towards this end, this study investigated the key factors and main technologies for BESS application in the city through a comprehensive literature review. These results indicated that the limitations of current application technologies of the BESS and energy sharing using BESS should be overcome in the carbon-neutral city. As a result, this study proposed future direction of the BESS application strategies towards smart energy sharing in cities, as follows: (i) bi-directional interactions across hierarchical levels of the city; (ii) integrated management for high connectivity of distributed generation; and (iii) development of a BESS-based energy management system. This study would allow scholars, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to better understand the energy sharing mechanism within the city and provide systematic guidelines and pathways towards smart energy sharing with the advanced energy infrastructure using BESS from a bi-directional perspective across different hierarchical levels of the city.