Highly Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells With Large-Scale Manufacture of E-Beam Evaporated SnO₂ Toward Commercialization

In recent years, photovoltaic properties of hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have led to impressive improvement. Yet, there is still remain a challenge for large scale application and commercialization. Some of the reasons are the instability of the perovskite film and the lack of large-scale and low-cost manufacture techniques for electron transport layer (ETL). Tin oxide (SnO₂) has emerged as a promising candidate for ETL, however, systematic exploration of its commercialized application in PSCs is still missing. Here, SnO₂ ETL is prepared through an electron beam evaporation technology under low-temperature process to realize large-scale, low-cost, and uniform manufacture. Hundreds of SnO₂ ETL substrates can be fabricated at one time, which deserves industrial deployment. As a result, PSCs based on e-beam evaporated SnO₂ ETL and Cs-containing blended perovskite absorber layer exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 18.2% without any interface modification. Furthermore, the PSCs demonstrate remarkable long-term stability, which remained at 97% of its initial PCE after being stored for over 34 days. The results demonstrate the great potential of the PSCs based on e-beam evaporated SnO₂ ETLs towards commercialization.