Hacking Encrypted Frequency-Varying Wireless Power: Cyber-Security of Dynamic Charging

Recently, energy encryption for wireless power transfer (WPT) has been developed for energy safety, which is important in public places to suppress unauthorized energy extraction. Most techniques vary the frequency so that unauthorized receivers cannot extract energy because of non-resonance. However, this strategy is unreliable. To stimulate the progress of energy encryption technology and point out security holes, this paper proposes a decryption method for the fundamental principle of encrypted frequency-varying WPT. The paper uses an auxiliary coil to detect the frequency and a switched-capacitor array to adaptively compensate the receiver for a wide frequency range. The switched-capacitor array contains two capacitors and one semiconductor switch. One capacitor compensates the receiver all the time while the other's active time during one WPT cycle is regulated by the switch. Thus, the proposed hacking receiver controls the equivalent capacitance of the compensation and steals WPT energy. Finally, a simulation model and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the attack on frequency-hopping energy encryption. Although any nonnegligible energy extracted would be problematic, we achieved to steal 78∼84% of the energy an authorized receiver could get. When the frequency changes, the interceptor is coarsely tuned very quickly, which can hack fast frequency-varying encrypted system.