TY - JOUR
T1 - GPR mapping with mobile mapping sensing and tracking technologies
AU - Hui, Cassio K.
AU - Luo, Xianghuan
AU - Lai, Wallace Wai Lok
AU - Chang, Kwong Wai
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding support by the General Research Fund (GRF) of the Hong Kong Research Grant Council on project ‘Time-lapse Imaging and Diagnosis of Urban Subsurface Hazards by Ground Penetrating Radar (15204320)’ is gratefully acknowledged. Authors would like to express gratitude to Dr. Mick Atha for English editing of the paper, and journal editor and reviewers for their construction comments.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2022/4
Y1 - 2022/4
N2 - Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is commonly used for detecting and locating underground utilities, as well as identifying water leakages and other buried objects without the need for excavation. To precisely depict the subsurface by GPR, an accurate geo-referencing technique on each GPR scan is also essential. Traditional geo-referencing of GPR scans requires a survey wheel to walk along a predetermined grid, or relies on the Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS) to work under open sky environments where enough satellites are available (Böniger and Tronicke, 2010; Chang, 2016). In this study, we attempt to use a mobile mapping system (MMS) backpack guided by SLAM as the geo-referencing device for synchronizing GPR scans in areas with bad or no GNSS, and is free of control points. The study develops a method to synchronise the SLAM positioning and GPR measurements and then validate the proposed method's precision and accuracy with a site case. It was proved that the integrationed time and labour required in the traditional gridding are minimized for improving the GPR survey efficiency, facilitating the large-scale survey in dense urban areas where good GNSS coverage is unavailable.
AB - Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is commonly used for detecting and locating underground utilities, as well as identifying water leakages and other buried objects without the need for excavation. To precisely depict the subsurface by GPR, an accurate geo-referencing technique on each GPR scan is also essential. Traditional geo-referencing of GPR scans requires a survey wheel to walk along a predetermined grid, or relies on the Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS) to work under open sky environments where enough satellites are available (Böniger and Tronicke, 2010; Chang, 2016). In this study, we attempt to use a mobile mapping system (MMS) backpack guided by SLAM as the geo-referencing device for synchronizing GPR scans in areas with bad or no GNSS, and is free of control points. The study develops a method to synchronise the SLAM positioning and GPR measurements and then validate the proposed method's precision and accuracy with a site case. It was proved that the integrationed time and labour required in the traditional gridding are minimized for improving the GPR survey efficiency, facilitating the large-scale survey in dense urban areas where good GNSS coverage is unavailable.
KW - GPR
KW - MMS
KW - SLAM
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85124182346&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104362
DO - 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104362
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0886-7798
VL - 122
JO - Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research
JF - Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research
M1 - 104362
ER -