Find My Friend: An Innovative Cooperative Approach of Real-Time Goal Collaboration in Automated Driving

Real-time goal collaboration represents a promising approach to human-vehicle cooperative driving; however, it remains underexplored. To address this gap, we introduced an innovative human-vehicle cooperative approach and designed four interactive types with increasing autonomous levels to implement it. Additionally, we proposed seven interface design principles to design three increasing levels of transparency for the four interactive types, aiming to enhance collaboration. Experimental results demonstrate the favorable reception of the proposed cooperative approach by users. Furthermore, higher interactive autonomous levels result in reduced workload, and higher interface transparency levels lead to increased satisfaction, trust, and mutual dependence. Notably, the combination of the highest interactive autonomous level and interface transparency level, which exhibited the best performance, is recommended for practical application. This collaborative approach expands the research domain of human-vehicle cooperative driving and offers extensive potential applications across various relevant scenarios.