TY - JOUR
T1 - Exposure and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during winter at residential homes: A case study in four Chinese cities
AU - Zhang, Zhuozhi
AU - Yuan, Qi
AU - Wang, Meng
AU - Hu, Tafeng
AU - Huang, Yu
AU - Xiu, Guangli
AU - Lai, Senchao
AU - Gao, Yuan
AU - Lee, Shuncheng
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project No. PolyU 15211522, T31/603/21, and T24/504/17) and the Environment and Conservation Fund (Project No. ECF63/2019). The author would also like to thank our previous research group member, Dr. Nguyen Huy LAI, the homeowners, and research group members from SCUT, ECUST, and IEECAS for cooperation on indoor sampling. Special thanks to Dr. Minxi HE and Dr. Yunke LUO for support on risk assessment model development and data visualization.
Funding Information:
This study was supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project No. PolyU 15211522 , T31/603/21 , and T24/504/17 ) and the Environment and Conservation Fund (Project No. ECF63/2019 ). The author would also like to thank our previous research group member, Dr. Nguyen Huy LAI, the homeowners, and research group members from SCUT, ECUST, and IEECAS for cooperation on indoor sampling. Special thanks to Dr. Minxi HE and Dr. Yunke LUO for support on risk assessment model development and data visualization.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023
PY - 2023/10/15
Y1 - 2023/10/15
N2 - Residential indoor PM2.5 were concurrently collected in Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Xi'an during the winter and early spring seasons of 2016–2017, for updating the current knowledge of the spatial variation of indoor air pollution and the potential health risks in China. PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were characterized, and the associated inhalation cancer risks were assessed by a probabilistic approach. Higher levels of indoor PAHs were identified in Xi'an residences (averaged at 176.27 ng m−3) with those of other cities ranging from 3.07 to 15.85 ng m−3. Traffic-related fuel combustion was identified as a common contributor to indoor PAHs through outdoor infiltration for all investigated cities. Indoor PAHs profiles showed city-specific differences, while distinctions between profiles based on indoor activities or ambient air quality were limited. Similar with the total PAHs concentrations, the estimated toxic equivalencies (TEQ) with reference to benzo[a]pyrene in Xi'an residences (median at 18.05 ng m−3) were above the recommended value of 1 ng m−3 and were magnitudes higher than the other investigated cities with estimated median TEQ ranging from 0.27 to 1.55 ng m−3. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to PAHs inhalation exposure was identified with a descending order of adult (median at 8.42 × 10−8) > adolescent (2.77 × 10−8) > children (2.20 × 10−8) > senior (1.72 × 10−8) for different age groups. Considering the lifetime exposure-associated cancer risk (LCR), potential risks were identified for residents in Xi'an as an LCR level over 1 × 10−6 was identified for half of the adolescent group (median at 8.96 × 10−7), and exceedances were identified for about 90 % of the groups of adults (10th percentile at 8.29 × 10−7) and seniors (10th percentile at 1.02 × 10−6). The associated LCR estimated for other cities were relatively insignificant.
AB - Residential indoor PM2.5 were concurrently collected in Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Xi'an during the winter and early spring seasons of 2016–2017, for updating the current knowledge of the spatial variation of indoor air pollution and the potential health risks in China. PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were characterized, and the associated inhalation cancer risks were assessed by a probabilistic approach. Higher levels of indoor PAHs were identified in Xi'an residences (averaged at 176.27 ng m−3) with those of other cities ranging from 3.07 to 15.85 ng m−3. Traffic-related fuel combustion was identified as a common contributor to indoor PAHs through outdoor infiltration for all investigated cities. Indoor PAHs profiles showed city-specific differences, while distinctions between profiles based on indoor activities or ambient air quality were limited. Similar with the total PAHs concentrations, the estimated toxic equivalencies (TEQ) with reference to benzo[a]pyrene in Xi'an residences (median at 18.05 ng m−3) were above the recommended value of 1 ng m−3 and were magnitudes higher than the other investigated cities with estimated median TEQ ranging from 0.27 to 1.55 ng m−3. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to PAHs inhalation exposure was identified with a descending order of adult (median at 8.42 × 10−8) > adolescent (2.77 × 10−8) > children (2.20 × 10−8) > senior (1.72 × 10−8) for different age groups. Considering the lifetime exposure-associated cancer risk (LCR), potential risks were identified for residents in Xi'an as an LCR level over 1 × 10−6 was identified for half of the adolescent group (median at 8.96 × 10−7), and exceedances were identified for about 90 % of the groups of adults (10th percentile at 8.29 × 10−7) and seniors (10th percentile at 1.02 × 10−6). The associated LCR estimated for other cities were relatively insignificant.
KW - Fine particulate matter
KW - PAH
KW - Residence
KW - Indoor activities
KW - Inhalation cancer risk
KW - Probabilistic risk assessment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85163795940&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165111
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165111
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 895
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 165111
ER -