Exploring gasification process and technology for biomass-waste utilization: A comprehensive review on the path to sustainable energy

Biomass waste can be valorized into energy through gasification process. This study summarized the factors affecting gasification process including process technologies, parameters, feedstock, and catalysts application. Results indicates that the fluidized bed gasifier (FLG) is suitable for feedstock less than 6 mm size and up to 50 % moisture level while fix bed gasifier (FBG) is a better option to get high energy efficiency, if feedstock size is up to 5 cm with maximum moisture level of 60 %. While the entrained flow gasifier (EFG) could be an optimal option if the feedstock with fine particles and moisture level is less than 15 %. The effect of process temperature, pressure, gasifying agent, resident time, biomass particle size, and catalyst have been discussed. These parameters have a significant effect on the syngas quality. Literature based life cycle assessment results show that China, USA, Brazil, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh have the potential to reduce CO2 by 68.8, 71.3, 45.6, 10.1, 9.9, and 5.4 million tons/year by only application of poultry litter gasification as compared to land disposal. Technology adaptation, transportation, storage, and handling of biomass waste are the main challenges to achieve sustainability in waste valorization.