TY - JOUR
T1 - Examining the effectiveness of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VAMR) therapy for upper limb recovery and activities of daily living in stroke patients
T2 - a systematic review and meta-analysis
AU - Leong, Sze Chit
AU - Tang, Yuk Ming
AU - Toh, Fong Mei
AU - Fong, Kenneth N.K.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research is funded by the Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design (Project Code: RP2-1) under the InnoHK Research Clusters and Innovation and Technology Fund (Project Ref.: PRP/071/20FX), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.
Funding Information:
We would like to acknowledge the support from the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering and Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University for this research. This project is also supported by the Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design (Project Code: RP2-1) under the InnoHK Research Clusters, and Innovation and Technology Fund (Project Ref.: PRP/071/20FX), of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.
Funding Information:
We would like to acknowledge the support from the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering and Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University for this research. This project is also supported by the Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence in Design (Project Code: RP2-1) under the InnoHK Research Clusters, and Innovation and Technology Fund (Project Ref.: PRP/071/20FX), of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s).
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - Introduction: Virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) are emerging technologies in the field of stroke rehabilitation that have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional treatment. Enhancing upper limb (UL) function is critical in stroke impairments because the upper limb is involved in the majority of activities of daily living (ADL). Methods: This study reviewed the use of virtual, augmented and mixed reality (VAMR) methods for improving UL recovery and ADL, and compared the effectiveness of VAMR treatment to conventional rehabilitation therapy. The databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science were examined, and 50 randomized control trials comparing VAMR treatment to standard therapy were determined. The random effect model and fixed effect model are applied based on heterogeneity. Results: The most often used outcomes of UL recovery and ADL in stroke rehabilitation were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), followed by the Box and Block Test (BBT), the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). According to the meta-analysis, VR, AR, and MR all have a significant positive effect on improving FMA-UE for UL impairment (36 studies, MD = 3.91, 95 percent CI = 1.70–6.12, P = 0.0005) and FIM for ADL (10 studies, MD = 4.25, 95 percent CI = 1.47–7.03, P = 0.003), but not on BBT and WMFT for the UL function tests (16 studies, MD = 2.07, 95 percent CI = − 0.58–4.72, P = 0.13), Conclusions: VAMR therapy was superior to conventional treatment in UL impairment and daily function outcomes, but not UL function measures. Future studies might include further high-quality trials examining the effect of VR, AR, and MR on UL function measures, with an emphasis on subgroup meta-analysis by stroke type and recovery stage.
AB - Introduction: Virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) are emerging technologies in the field of stroke rehabilitation that have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional treatment. Enhancing upper limb (UL) function is critical in stroke impairments because the upper limb is involved in the majority of activities of daily living (ADL). Methods: This study reviewed the use of virtual, augmented and mixed reality (VAMR) methods for improving UL recovery and ADL, and compared the effectiveness of VAMR treatment to conventional rehabilitation therapy. The databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science were examined, and 50 randomized control trials comparing VAMR treatment to standard therapy were determined. The random effect model and fixed effect model are applied based on heterogeneity. Results: The most often used outcomes of UL recovery and ADL in stroke rehabilitation were the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremities (FMA-UE), followed by the Box and Block Test (BBT), the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). According to the meta-analysis, VR, AR, and MR all have a significant positive effect on improving FMA-UE for UL impairment (36 studies, MD = 3.91, 95 percent CI = 1.70–6.12, P = 0.0005) and FIM for ADL (10 studies, MD = 4.25, 95 percent CI = 1.47–7.03, P = 0.003), but not on BBT and WMFT for the UL function tests (16 studies, MD = 2.07, 95 percent CI = − 0.58–4.72, P = 0.13), Conclusions: VAMR therapy was superior to conventional treatment in UL impairment and daily function outcomes, but not UL function measures. Future studies might include further high-quality trials examining the effect of VR, AR, and MR on UL function measures, with an emphasis on subgroup meta-analysis by stroke type and recovery stage.
KW - Augmented reality
KW - Mixed reality
KW - Motor function
KW - Stroke
KW - Upper limb
KW - Virtual reality
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85136530217&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1186/s12984-022-01071-x
DO - 10.1186/s12984-022-01071-x
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36002898
AN - SCOPUS:85136530217
VL - 19
JO - Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
JF - Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
SN - 1743-0003
IS - 1
M1 - 93
ER -