TY - JOUR
T1 - Equilibrium analyses and operational designs of a coupled market with substitutive and complementary ride-sourcing services to public transits
AU - Ke, Jintao
AU - Zhu, Zheng
AU - Yang, Hai
AU - He, Qiaochu
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors sincerely thank the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their detailed comments and many valuable suggestions. This work was partially supported by NSFC (National Natural Science Foundation of China) grants 72071101 and Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) for General Research Fund 11215119. The authors also thank the support from Shenzhen Humanities and Social Sciences Key Research Bases, at Southern University of Science and Technology, College of Business (Shenzhen, China).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - The emerging on-demand ride-sourcing programs provided by transportation network companies (TNCs) have been reshaping the transportation industry. Research efforts in this area have covered topics such as supply-demand equilibrium, pricing, matching, dispatching, but have not fully spread to the potential impacts of ride-sourcing on public transit in multi-modal transportation systems. On the one hand, ride-sourcing services act as convenient feeders to solve first-mile/last-mile problems for public transit riders. On the other hand, direct origin-to-destination ride-sourcing services may also absorb passengers from public transit. In this paper, we propose a user equilibrium based mathematical model to analyze complement and substitution of ride-sourcing to public transit. Through both analytical and numerical discussions, we find that the fleet size of ride-sourcing vehicles can critically affect the complementary and substitutive relationship between ride-sourcing and public transit, and ride-sourcing service fares affect the market share between first-mile/last-mile (i.e., from origin to the transportation hub or from the hub to destination) and direct (i.e., from origin to destination) ride-sourcing services. We also examine the optimal strategies to maximize the TNC's profit and/or social welfare and find that the TNC can implement a Pareto-efficient strategy that makes both the two objectives better off.
AB - The emerging on-demand ride-sourcing programs provided by transportation network companies (TNCs) have been reshaping the transportation industry. Research efforts in this area have covered topics such as supply-demand equilibrium, pricing, matching, dispatching, but have not fully spread to the potential impacts of ride-sourcing on public transit in multi-modal transportation systems. On the one hand, ride-sourcing services act as convenient feeders to solve first-mile/last-mile problems for public transit riders. On the other hand, direct origin-to-destination ride-sourcing services may also absorb passengers from public transit. In this paper, we propose a user equilibrium based mathematical model to analyze complement and substitution of ride-sourcing to public transit. Through both analytical and numerical discussions, we find that the fleet size of ride-sourcing vehicles can critically affect the complementary and substitutive relationship between ride-sourcing and public transit, and ride-sourcing service fares affect the market share between first-mile/last-mile (i.e., from origin to the transportation hub or from the hub to destination) and direct (i.e., from origin to destination) ride-sourcing services. We also examine the optimal strategies to maximize the TNC's profit and/or social welfare and find that the TNC can implement a Pareto-efficient strategy that makes both the two objectives better off.
KW - Complementation
KW - Cooperation
KW - On-demand ride-sourcing
KW - Public transits
KW - Substitution
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85100384159&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.tre.2021.102236
DO - 10.1016/j.tre.2021.102236
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85100384159
SN - 1366-5545
VL - 148
JO - Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review
JF - Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review
M1 - 102236
ER -