Environmental Harshness and Unpredictability, Parenting, and Offspring Life History

The species-general life history (LH) principle posits that extrinsic morbidity-mortality risks accelerate organisms’ pace of life and promotes fast LH-related traits (e.g., earlier sexual maturation and reproduction). Humans, however, have experienced uniformly decelerated LH due to their evolved abilities and efforts in controlling environmental contingencies. The present study proposes that the reason for the existence of such human-specific deceleration of LH may be rooted in human parenting, hence aims to explore the roles of parenting within the relationships between environmental adversities and children’ LH calibration. The present study used data from the NIMH Data Archive (NDA) reported by 2014 children and their caregivers, and examined the effects of parental investment in calibrating children’s LH behavioral manifestations, as well as in moderating the impacts of environmental harshness and unpredictability on children’ development of LH. The findings showed that parental investment negatively predicts the development of fast LH behavioral profiles in children and moderates the impacts of environmental adversities directly imposed on children. We conclude that human parental investment serves as an important pivot in down-regulating environmental effects on children’s LH calibration, providing an alternative insight into the species-specific deceleration of LH.