Enhancing titanium dioxide nanotube array stability on dental implants through laser lithography–assisted microline patterning

Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNTs) generated in situ on the surface of dental implants have been shown to enhance bone integration for load-bearing support while managing load distribution and energy dissipation to prevent bone resorption from overload. However, their inadequate stability limits the clinical use of conventional TNTs. This study introduces an innovative approach to improve the mechanical stability of TNTs while maintaining their bone-integration efficiency. The method involved creating microline patterns on TNTs (L-TNTs), where the TNTs were embedded within grooves for enhanced protection. This was achieved through a combination of laser lithography–assisted microline patterning and anodization. Incorporation of microline patterns significantly increased the mechanical stability of the TNTs. This improvement was evidenced by multiple tests: peeling tests demonstrated the maximum adhesive strength of the L-TNTs increased by at least 50 %; friction-wear tests revealed narrower, shallower abrasion patterns and lower average friction coefficients; and ex vivo screw implant insertion and removal tests showed post-insertion, the nanotube structures in the TNTs peeled, whereas those in the L-TNTs remained intact. The L-TNTs also maintained their efficacy in promoting bone integration both in vitro and in vivo, establishing a robust platform for multifunctional implant investigation and advancing the practical application of TNTs. Statement of significance: This study presents a novel laser lithography–assisted micropatterning and anodization method for creating micro-lined titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (L-TNTs) on dental implants. Compared to conventional TNTs, L-TNTs enhanced adhesive strength and wear resistance while maintaining efficacy in promoting bone integration. This method enhances the mechanical stability of TNTs, facilitating its practical application in multifunctional dental implants.