Energy flexibility escalation of a storage sharing network by advanced storage management of electric buses, building batteries and public charging stations

Decarbonisation accelerates the development of smart energy management systems to enhance energy efficiency and renewable energy utilisation. In this research, we proposed a coordinated energy management framework for energy sharing via electric buses between remote transportation and residential buildings, considering the public charging stations and hybrid wave-solar renewable energy systems. The impacts of the proposed external charging control, peak shaving control, and vehicle-to-storage control were investigated via the technical-economic indicators. The results show that the external charging control contributes to the economic benefits by reducing the charging cost from grid electricity. Peak shaving control leads to significant on-peak demand cost reduction and system relative net present value increase. Vehicle-to-storage control enhances the matching of local renewable generation and demands, reduces grid interaction, and increases the system net present value. Compared to the case without vehicle-to-storage control, the energy flexibility is enhanced for the case with vehicle-to-storage control. Renewable energy generation ratios from 0 to 200 % were investigated. An increase in renewable penetration contributes to the mitigation of external charging impacts, while at a 100 % renewable penetration ratio, the peak economic impact is reached. Peak shaving control impact is mitigated when the renewable penetration ratio increases. Vehicle-to-storage control has the highest economic impact at a 100 % renewable penetration ratio. Sensitivity analysis investigates the parameters relevant to the control strategies to show the robustness and reliability. Recommended case design parameters are summarised and the transferability is discussed. The proposed control strategies and results were intended to guide the design of energy management systems for buildings and vehicles with renewable energy penetration.