Emerging frontiers in triboelectric nanogenerator for biohealth apparatus

Recent advancements in wearable, implantable, and high-voltage biohealth devices are poised to revolutionize human health monitoring, prevention, and medical diagnostics. Innovative triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) exhibit exceptional characteristics such as high sensitivity, flexibility, biocompatibility, lightweight nature, and self-powered attributes, rendering them highly suitable for crafting next-generation biohealth devices. This review underscoring the pivotal role of TENGs in enabling self-powered sensors and driving energy autonomy for biohealth applications. It elucidates the fundamental principles of TENG operation and then explores diverse design paradigms for integrating TENGs into biohealth systems. For the first time, a comprehensive examination of TENG applications in the practical biohealth domain is presented, with a particular emphasis on their feasibility, functionality, and implementation challenges in real-world settings. Our focus encompasses TENG-integrated medical masks, sweat sensors, human motion monitoring devices, wearable rehabilitation aids, implantable medical electronics, and high-voltage power solutions for medical equipment. Ultimately, we scrutinize the potential future trajectories of TENG-based energy and sensing technologies within the healthcare landscape. By unlocking the full potential of TENGs, researchers and practitioners aim to propel the healthcare industry towards unprecedented levels of efficiency, autonomy, and personalization.