Efficient Classification and Disposal Management of Construction Waste Using Blockchain Technology and System Dynamics

The gap between high-generation and inefficient construction waste management presents a considerable challenge. Whereas existing information-based methods address some limitations of policy-driven methods, they continue to face issues related to accountability and data sharing. Blockchain technology offers a potential solution for the efficient classification and disposal management of construction waste (CDMCW) by providing tamper-proof records and data transparency. However, limited research has explored the mechanisms of blockchain-CDMCW integration and the methods for evaluating blockchain performance. This study aims to develop a blockchain-based approach to enhance CDMCW efficiency through three main contributions. First, a blockchain requirements model is developed based on in-depth interviews with 13 industry experts to identify the current information management problems and the requirements for blockchain integration. Second, a blockchain-based CDMCW framework is developed that includes (1) a four-layer architecture to illustrate the logic of blockchain-CDMCW integration, (2) four smart contract algorithms for secure CDMCW information management, and (3) a business process for CDMCW information exchange within a decentralized blockchain environment. Third, a system dynamics (SD) model is developed using an actual residential project to compare performance with and without the framework. System dynamics simulation results showed a 112.12% increase in waste classification, 97.27% improvement in benefits, 49.77% reduction in illegal dumping, and 13.43% reduction in cost. The results show that the approach meets effectiveness and credibility. The study's theoretical contribution is the development of a blockchain integration framework for secure data management across the CDMCW life cycle, along with a quantitative evaluation of blockchain performance using SD modeling. The study offers practical guidance for managers seeking to improve CDMCW practices and meet sustainable development demands.