Effects of lead mineralogy on soil washing enhanced by ferric salts as extracting and oxidizing agents

We treated various Pb minerals including PbO, PbCO3, Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2, PbSO4, PbS, and Pb5(PO4)3(OH) using ferric salts, and compared our results with those obtained using common washing agents of HCl, HNO3, disodium-ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (Na2-EDTA), and citric acid. The use of 50 mM Fe(NO3)3extracted significantly more Pb (above 96% extraction) from Pb minerals except PbSO4(below 55% extraction) compared to the other washing agents. In contrast, washing processes using FeCl3and HCl were not effective for extraction from Pb minerals because of PbCl2precipitation. Yet, the newly formed PbCl2could be dissolved by subsequent wash with distilled water under acidic conditions. When applying our washing method to remediate field-contaminated soil from a shooting range that had high concentrations of Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2and PbCO3, we extracted more Pb (approximately 99% extraction) from the soil using 100 mM Fe(NO3)3than other washing agents at the same process conditions. Our results show that ferric salts can be alternative washing agents for Pb-contaminated soils in view of their extracting and oxidizing abilities.